1954年《農業貿易發展與援助法》是美國聯邦法律，該法確立了美國主要的海外糧食援助計劃“和平糧食”。該法案於1954年7月10日由德懷特·艾森豪威爾（Dwight D. Eisenhower）總統簽署成為法律。

The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 was a response to enormous agriculture surpluses. These post-World War II grain surpluses threatened commodity prices and cost the taxpayers one million dollars a day for storage alone.

In 1952, the American Farm Bureau proposed a solution: create a secondary foreign market by allowing food-deficit countries to pay for American food imports in their own currencies instead of in dollars. 1O From this idea, Public Law 480 was developed. The purpose of the Act was to expand international trade, to promote economic stability of American agriculture, to make maximum use of surplus agricultural commodities in the furtherance of foreign policy, and to stimulate the expansion of foreign trade in agricultural commodities produced in the United States. 

The Act was originally intended to last for three years, in which time the surpluses were supposed to be expanded.  Even though five billion dollars worth of American grain or twenty-eight percent of total American agricultural exports were sent abroad under the first five years of Public Law 480, the surpluses continued to mount.  By 1959, the United States grain supplies were the highest in history,  and amendments to the legislation were made in 1959 and 1964 extending the time for the Act to run.

A major change occurred in 1966, when the Act was amended to include the Food for Peace Act. This amendment changed the focal point from one of disposal of surplus agricultural products to one of humanitarian purposes. In fact, the disposition of surplus agricultural commodities was no longer a necessary objective of the Act.  The International Development and Food Assistance Acts of 1975 and 1977 continued to place increased emphasis on the humanitarian and developmental aspects of food aid. These Acts created the statutory authority and the criteria for the application of food aid as a development mechanism. In addition, the 1977 Act introduced the issue of human rights as a criteria for the allocation of food aid. 

Public Law 480 is a very complex Act with far-reaching economic and agricultural effects upon the United States and the recipient country. The primary goals of the Public Law 480 programs have shifted from expanding agricultural trade for United States agricultural commodities and disposing of surpluses, to the meeting of humanitarian needs and encouraging economic development in the recipient nation. Problems with Public law 480 have been encountered in several areas including: the inability of some recipient countries to repay their loans; the abuse of the Act for political advancement; extensive delays and inadequate funding; and inefficient administration of various programs, including credit. Despite these problems, Public Law 480 continues to have potential as an important tool for solving United States agriculture problems through increasing export markets and decreasing the surpluses.

台灣與美國的小麥關係

台灣從美援小麥轉換成商務購買美國小麥的轉折年是1966年，美援結束後，台灣首次向美國購買28萬公噸小麥，開啟了50多年的美國小麥進口市場。近年來台灣從美國進口小麥約佔市場比重八成，其餘則以澳洲小麥為主。

source

Food Power: The Rise and Fall of the Postwar American Food System