今年的菲律賓是災難年，無情的颱風，一個接一個，毫不留情。跟台灣一樣，每次颱風過後總會把國土計畫法拿出來宣讀一次，朝野立委拼命表演，在朝官員一陣宣示後，等秋天到了，法案也會進入寒冬。
國土計畫法沒什麼不好，這是一個國家社會對他境內土地基本的態度，不該用的土地不要用，能用的土地則要善加利用，道理很簡單，只是做起來不容易，究其原因不外乎歷史因素與人類對改變的抗拒。
國土計畫法首要面對的是國土保育區與海洋資源區的劃設，台灣土地面積360萬公頃，從日本時代到現在還有將近43萬公頃12％的土地未登錄（這些土地自動歸類國有的），已登錄的317萬公頃中有將近62％196萬公頃屬於公有地，比例相當龐大，這其中包括88萬公頃的林業用地、40萬公頃的都市計畫土地、12.8萬公頃的農牧用地、10.3萬公頃的國土保安用地等，這些土地如何利用呢？從現行體制看來，中央只有國有財產局屬於土地管理單位，理論上，在該單位的狹下，國有土地面積高達174.4萬公頃，實際上這些國有土地分散各目的事業單位，整體的國有土地利用計畫並不存在。也因此，每每談到國土保育區劃設，只會讓人民聯想到，政府又要來限制私人土地利用，進而直接反抗之。即使這些所謂私人土地其實可能是佔用土地，或者地權沒有釐清者（歷史因素），任何政府的限制舉動，對這些人而言，代表著侵犯生活權與財產權。
談了多年的國土發展基金，目前只有草草擬了一千億元，對比於國有土地幾兆的資產價值，想當然爾，必然一事無成。
至於農業發展區及城鄉發展區的劃設，按照國土法草案精神，屬於地方與中央合作的範疇，地方負責劃設，中央負責審核，但是實際運作上，地方政府之間對於發展的界定各有所本，中央如果擺出一條鞭的表面公平態度，實際上等於抑制，甚至扭曲地方特色發展的機會。多年來，農業發展逐漸變成農舍與工廠發展，城鄉發展逐漸變成郊區與豪宅發展，位於城鄉邊緣的土地，城不城、鄉不鄉，這是任何國土計畫無法撼動的地方，也是個人反對國土計畫之所在。
總結而言，持續討論國土計畫似乎對於台灣社會正在分化的城市與鄉村差距沒有太大的幫助，務實一點，中央政府還是先把區域計畫做好吧。
節錄最近馬尼拉水災引發的都市計畫討論，看這些聯合國官員的態度，想必遠來的和尚，對於馬尼拉一個都市、兩個世界的問題，幫助不大吧，畢竟沒有一個有能的中央與地方政府體系，聯合國能做什麼呢？
Poverty, poor urban planning increase risk from typhoons in Philippines, by Katherine Baldwin, 2009-11-04
LONDON (AlertNet) - Poverty, poor urban planning and a lack of alternative livelihoods are keeping hundreds of thousands of people in the Philippines trapped in areas that are highly vulnerable to storm and flood damage as the typhoon season continues, aid workers say.
Despite a run of destructive typhoons in the past month that washed away homes and caused the worst flooding in 40 years, relief groups say many Filipinos return again and again to flood- or landslide-prone areas because they have little or no choice.
While the government is trying to provide better land for the so-called illegal settlers, it faces an uphill task to reverse years of poor urban planning that has left large sections of the population living in at-risk areas, particularly in shanty towns around big cities like Manila, which has been inundated with people from the provinces seeking work.
"One of the issues the government is trying to deal with is unregistered people living in makeshift homes, but this is not an easy task," said Terje Skavdal, head of the regional office of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) for the Asia-Pacific.
"The government is trying to relocate these people but the challenge is whether they want to be relocated. These makeshift homes are close to where they have their income. It's not just about giving them land, but ensuring this land is fit for purpose. These are challenges of the recovery phase that the government will need to face," he told AlertNet by telephone from Bangkok.
Some 86,000 people remain in evacuation centres, relief workers say, some in dire conditions, after three typhoons battered the Philippines since Sept. 26, killing more than 900 people and displacing millions. Typhoon Ketsana hit first, followed by Parma a week later and Mirinae last weekend. Typhoon Lupit approached the country but did not hit.
The Philippines, home to 92 million people, has one of the fastest-growing populations in the region and more than a quarter of its people live on less than $1.25 a day. According to the United Nations, 44 percent of the urban population live in slums.
The sprawling shanty towns block waterways, causing huge problems with drainage and sewerage. After flooding, rivers of garbage flow through the makeshift settlements. Hillside deforestation adds to the problem, putting the population at risk of landslides.
Typhoon Ketsana caused massive flooding in the Manila Metropolitan Area, or Metro Manila, in the main northern Luzon island, where some 12 million people live.
Valerie Lewin, senior programme manager for the Ketsana response at Oxfam, said she visited a riverside illegal settlement where many homes had been washed away by Ketsana.
"The people were saved because they had been warned in advance but I went there two or three weeks after Ketsana and they were already back there, rebuilding their slum house, just by the river," she said. "Then my team went back this weekend and the houses had been flushed away again. These people know they aren't safe but they don't have another place to go."
READYING FOR MORE STORMS
Land issues, as in many developing countries, are highly complex and require long-term solutions, Lewin said.
With so many people in need of relocation, the government faces a difficult task to deal with people fairly, without angering other families who are in a similar if not quite so desperate situation, added Skavdal.
Relief workers say it will take several months for people to be able to move out of evacuation centres. Some of the centres are not suitable for evacuees - some people are being housed on basketball grounds with simple shelters, and many centres are overcrowded and have poor hygiene facilities.
The typhoon season continues through November and into December, meaning it is imperative that people do not return to unsafe settlements. In 2006, some of the worst typhoons came at the end of the year. Twenty typhoons on average hit the Southeast Asian country of more than 7,000 islands annually.
"A lot of education and persuasion is needed to convince these people not to go back to the former sites," said Minnie Portales, advocacy and communications director for World Vision Philippines.
The main challenge is finding alternative sources of income for people who have moved from the countryside to illegal settlements near the country's big cities.
"The government is encouraging people to go back to the provinces but many don't want to. Their children are studying in Metro Manila and they don't have a source of livelihood in the provinces," she said.
In a survey carried out in the Philippines in early October by the IBON Foundation, a research and education institution, 71 percent of the respondents rated themselves as poor, up from 67 percent in a July poll.
國土計畫法沒什麼不好，這是一個國家社會對他境內土地基本的態度，不該用的土地不要用，能用的土地則要善加利用，道理很簡單，只是做起來不容易，究其原因不外乎歷史因素與人類對改變的抗拒。
國土計畫法首要面對的是國土保育區與海洋資源區的劃設，台灣土地面積360萬公頃，從日本時代到現在還有將近43萬公頃12％的土地未登錄（這些土地自動歸類國有的），已登錄的317萬公頃中有將近62％196萬公頃屬於公有地，比例相當龐大，這其中包括88萬公頃的林業用地、40萬公頃的都市計畫土地、12.8萬公頃的農牧用地、10.3萬公頃的國土保安用地等，這些土地如何利用呢？從現行體制看來，中央只有國有財產局屬於土地管理單位，理論上，在該單位的狹下，國有土地面積高達174.4萬公頃，實際上這些國有土地分散各目的事業單位，整體的國有土地利用計畫並不存在。也因此，每每談到國土保育區劃設，只會讓人民聯想到，政府又要來限制私人土地利用，進而直接反抗之。即使這些所謂私人土地其實可能是佔用土地，或者地權沒有釐清者（歷史因素），任何政府的限制舉動，對這些人而言，代表著侵犯生活權與財產權。
談了多年的國土發展基金，目前只有草草擬了一千億元，對比於國有土地幾兆的資產價值，想當然爾，必然一事無成。
至於農業發展區及城鄉發展區的劃設，按照國土法草案精神，屬於地方與中央合作的範疇，地方負責劃設，中央負責審核，但是實際運作上，地方政府之間對於發展的界定各有所本，中央如果擺出一條鞭的表面公平態度，實際上等於抑制，甚至扭曲地方特色發展的機會。多年來，農業發展逐漸變成農舍與工廠發展，城鄉發展逐漸變成郊區與豪宅發展，位於城鄉邊緣的土地，城不城、鄉不鄉，這是任何國土計畫無法撼動的地方，也是個人反對國土計畫之所在。
總結而言，持續討論國土計畫似乎對於台灣社會正在分化的城市與鄉村差距沒有太大的幫助，務實一點，中央政府還是先把區域計畫做好吧。
節錄最近馬尼拉水災引發的都市計畫討論，看這些聯合國官員的態度，想必遠來的和尚，對於馬尼拉一個都市、兩個世界的問題，幫助不大吧，畢竟沒有一個有能的中央與地方政府體系，聯合國能做什麼呢？
Poverty, poor urban planning increase risk from typhoons in Philippines, by Katherine Baldwin, 2009-11-04
LONDON (AlertNet) - Poverty, poor urban planning and a lack of alternative livelihoods are keeping hundreds of thousands of people in the Philippines trapped in areas that are highly vulnerable to storm and flood damage as the typhoon season continues, aid workers say.
Despite a run of destructive typhoons in the past month that washed away homes and caused the worst flooding in 40 years, relief groups say many Filipinos return again and again to flood- or landslide-prone areas because they have little or no choice.
While the government is trying to provide better land for the so-called illegal settlers, it faces an uphill task to reverse years of poor urban planning that has left large sections of the population living in at-risk areas, particularly in shanty towns around big cities like Manila, which has been inundated with people from the provinces seeking work.
"One of the issues the government is trying to deal with is unregistered people living in makeshift homes, but this is not an easy task," said Terje Skavdal, head of the regional office of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) for the Asia-Pacific.
"The government is trying to relocate these people but the challenge is whether they want to be relocated. These makeshift homes are close to where they have their income. It's not just about giving them land, but ensuring this land is fit for purpose. These are challenges of the recovery phase that the government will need to face," he told AlertNet by telephone from Bangkok.
Some 86,000 people remain in evacuation centres, relief workers say, some in dire conditions, after three typhoons battered the Philippines since Sept. 26, killing more than 900 people and displacing millions. Typhoon Ketsana hit first, followed by Parma a week later and Mirinae last weekend. Typhoon Lupit approached the country but did not hit.
The Philippines, home to 92 million people, has one of the fastest-growing populations in the region and more than a quarter of its people live on less than $1.25 a day. According to the United Nations, 44 percent of the urban population live in slums.
The sprawling shanty towns block waterways, causing huge problems with drainage and sewerage. After flooding, rivers of garbage flow through the makeshift settlements. Hillside deforestation adds to the problem, putting the population at risk of landslides.
Typhoon Ketsana caused massive flooding in the Manila Metropolitan Area, or Metro Manila, in the main northern Luzon island, where some 12 million people live.
Valerie Lewin, senior programme manager for the Ketsana response at Oxfam, said she visited a riverside illegal settlement where many homes had been washed away by Ketsana.
"The people were saved because they had been warned in advance but I went there two or three weeks after Ketsana and they were already back there, rebuilding their slum house, just by the river," she said. "Then my team went back this weekend and the houses had been flushed away again. These people know they aren't safe but they don't have another place to go."
READYING FOR MORE STORMS
Land issues, as in many developing countries, are highly complex and require long-term solutions, Lewin said.
With so many people in need of relocation, the government faces a difficult task to deal with people fairly, without angering other families who are in a similar if not quite so desperate situation, added Skavdal.
Relief workers say it will take several months for people to be able to move out of evacuation centres. Some of the centres are not suitable for evacuees - some people are being housed on basketball grounds with simple shelters, and many centres are overcrowded and have poor hygiene facilities.
The typhoon season continues through November and into December, meaning it is imperative that people do not return to unsafe settlements. In 2006, some of the worst typhoons came at the end of the year. Twenty typhoons on average hit the Southeast Asian country of more than 7,000 islands annually.
"A lot of education and persuasion is needed to convince these people not to go back to the former sites," said Minnie Portales, advocacy and communications director for World Vision Philippines.
The main challenge is finding alternative sources of income for people who have moved from the countryside to illegal settlements near the country's big cities.
"The government is encouraging people to go back to the provinces but many don't want to. Their children are studying in Metro Manila and they don't have a source of livelihood in the provinces," she said.
In a survey carried out in the Philippines in early October by the IBON Foundation, a research and education institution, 71 percent of the respondents rated themselves as poor, up from 67 percent in a July poll.
全站熱搜
留言列表
